Woher kommt das Salz des Meeres und wohin geht es?
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Abstract:
The dissolved salts in the sea come from freshwater tributaries, which contain a small amount of salt that remains in the sea as the corresponding water evaporates. This means that the salt in the sea should actually continue to accumulate, as happens in lakes with no outflow in arid regions. However, this does not occur in the oceans. The salt is extracted from the sea again. The means, by which this extraction of salt ions from the sea take place, are very diverse. Salty aerosols blown ashore by the wind play an important role. The formation of shells by animals such as mussels and corals and many plankton species removes salt ions from the sea when the shells are deposited as sediments. In deep-sea clays and the basaltic oceanic crust, salt ions disappear through ion exchange processes or new crystal growth. The black smokers at the mid-ocean ridges are the most important extraction points for sodium and magnesium through ion exchange deep in the ocean crust, when seawater penetrates the oceanic crust, heats up and emerges from the sea floor loaded with metal sulphide particles. Due to the drift of the oceanic plates, this process can continue over time.
There is also a sporadic withdrawal of sea salt, namely through salt deposits in constricted sea basins located in arid regions. Examples of this are the Mediterranean Sea in particular, but also the salt layers in the subsurface of northern Germany and the Carpathian and Pyrenean foothills. In the past, salt deposits up to more than a kilometer thick have accumulated here, which have been covered by sediments and were later partly uplifted to the surface.
Even if individual ions in the oceans show considerable fluctuations over time, the salinity of the oceans as a whole remains relatively constant within small ranges, providing a relatively stable habitat for the organisms in this environment.
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