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It has long been regarded as unscientific to consider the musical aspects of territorial behaviour among songbirds. The musical abilities of song birds, for example their perception of melody and their capacity to transpose, have been questioned many times. Furthermore, avian intelligence — With the exception of ravens and parrots — was… Read More

Greater spearwort (Ranunculus lingua L.)

Ranunculus lingua L. is a member of the buttercup family. It has petioleless, lanceolate leaves and grows in water close to the bank and reaches a height of 1.5 m. Göbel (unpublished) and SUCHANTKE (2009) have shown that in the genus Ranunculus, with its multitude of leaf forms, the respective… Read More

Sketch of an organismic systems biology

Biology has been dominated for a long time by two contrasting explanations and research approaches: reductionism and holism. This article shows that both views are one-sided and that a new synthesis can be developed. We develop a fundamental concept of the organism starting from the earlier… Read More

Formative motifs in the genus Ranunculus

According to ‘Flora Europaea’ (2nd ed. 1993) almost every available habitat is colonised by the 135 species of the genus (not family!) Ranunculus. In parallel with this, manifests an enormous plasticity in the formation of the vegetative parts, the leaves, which have an almost inexhaustible… Read More

Goethe and evolution

During the 17th and 18th centuries ‘evolution’ literally meant unwrapping what was already there. Goethe and Darwin therefore avoided this term, preferring to use ‘metamorphosis’ or ‘desccnt’. It was Herbert Spencer who first used the term in its modern sense. There upon, however, Goethe was a complete evolutionist… Read More

An anthroposophical elucidation of molecular biology — the common time structure of consciousness and genetics

A qualitative study of the types of molecules involved in protein synthesis (DNA, RNA and protein), guided by the anthroposophical view of man as a three membered being, led to correlating DNA with head/thinking, proteins with… Read More

In the European medical tradition there are basically two therapeutic procedures: 1) the substitution procedure; 2) the stimulus procedure.

The substitution procedure gives the diseased organism what is missing: for example hormone replacement for hormone deficiency (hormone replacement therapy in diabetes or the menopause), replacement… Read More

The interaction between rhythrn and form

The process of metamorphosis is based on an interplay of space and time, form and movement. This also applies to the cognitive process. In the following presentation, I attempt to show, by means of observations of plants, how space and time, form and movement are permeated by mathematical-… Read More

The evolution of the skin and the skin-associated immune system

This paper considers the formation of the skin and its associated structures from the most primitive metazoa to the human being: 

- In Porifera the delirnitation from the outer world is incomplete. A proper epidermal sheath does not exist, merely a thin coating in… Read More

Evolutionary Biology today

Following the initial discovery of photosynthesis and respiration of organic substance, General Biology has discovered the principle of symbiosis at all levels of the living world: in the biosphere as a whole, in the eco-organism of the landscape and in the so-called single organisms of plants and animals,… Read More